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Tuesday, 26 December 2017

BA hindi 5th sem syllabus

बी ए सिलेबस हिंदी 5th सेम

By Abhishek Purohit on 06:35 5th sem syllabus hind, hnbgu ba syllabus 0

cell biology notes hindi botany 5th sem

Cell biology notes for bsc botany vth sem

कोशिका (Cell) सजीवों के शरीर की रचनात्मक और क्रियात्मक इकाई है और प्राय: स्वत: जनन की सामर्थ्य रखती है। यह विभिन्न पदार्थों का वह छोटे-से-छोटा संगठित रूप है जिसमें वे सभी क्रियाएँ होती हैं जिन्हें सामूहिक रूप से हम जीवन कहतें हैं।

techniques in biology click here
cell click here
cell wall click here
mitochondria click here
cell division click here
Nucleus click here

By Abhishek Purohit on 06:21 botany 5th sem notes, bsc 5th sem notes in hindi, cell biology notes hindi, hnbgu 0

Tuesday, 19 December 2017

जीव रसायन biochemistry notes in hindi

जीव विज्ञान और रसायन विज्ञान→ जीव रसायन

वर्णन करता है कि

बायोकैमिस्ट्री, विज्ञान रसायन विज्ञान की भाषा संरचना और रहने वाले जीवों के कार्य करता है। बायोकेमिकल अवधारणाओं चिकित्सा, भोजन, दवा और सूक्ष्मजीवविज्ञानी में इस्तेमाल कर रहे हैं उद्योग, कृषि, साथ ही प्रसंस्करण उद्योग में, कचरे का उपयोग करने और कृषि के द्वारा उत्पादों।

notes in hindi

click here

By Abhishek Purohit on 04:45 biochemistry notes hindi 0

प्रचीन एंड मध्यकालीन निर्गुण काव्य - ma 1st sem

प्रचीन एंड मध्यकालीन निर्गुण काव्य

हिन्दी साहित्य पर यदि समुचित परिप्रेक्ष्य में विचार किया जाए तो स्पष्ट होता है कि हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास अत्यंत विस्तृत व प्राचीन है। सुप्रसिद्ध भाषा वैज्ञानिक डॉ हरदेव बाहरी के शब्दों में, 'हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास वस्तुतः वैदिक काल से आरम्भ होता है। यह कहना ही ठीक होगा कि वैदिक भाषा ही हिन्दी है।

नोट्स :

इकाई 1

By Abhishek Purohit on 04:29 0

भाषा विज्ञानं एवं हिंदी भाषा- MA 1st sem paper 4

भाषा विज्ञानं एवं हिंदी भाषा :

भाषाविज्ञान भाषा के अध्ययन की वह शाखा है जिसमें भाषा की उत्पत्ति, स्वरूप, विकास आदि का वैज्ञानिक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन किया जाता है। भाषाविज्ञान के अध्ययेता 'भाषाविज्ञानी' कहलाते हैं। भाषाविज्ञान, व्याकरण से भिन्न है। व्याकरण में किसी भाषा का कार्यात्मक अध्ययन (functional description) किया जाता है जबकि भाषाविज्ञानी इसके आगे जाकर भाषा का अत्यन्त व्यापक अध्ययन करता है। अध्ययन के अनेक विषयों में से आजकल भाषा-विज्ञान को विशेष महत्त्व दिया जा रहा है।

for complete notes -click here

By Abhishek Purohit on 04:24 0

Saturday, 16 December 2017

BIOMOLECULES NOTES

अभिव्यक्ति छात्रों की आवाज़

BIOMOLECULES

study notes

Chapter 1 Fatty acid - click here

Chapter 2 Amino acid - click here

Chapter 3 Structure of protein - click here

Chapter 4 DNA & RNA - click here

By Abhishek Purohit on 03:50 0

Basic Biochemistry short notes

Basic Chemical Concepts

Atoms
1. Def.- the smallest unit of an element that can combine chemically with other elementsStructure
  1. Proton (+) charged
  2. Neutron (not charged)
  3. Electron (-) charged
    1. Electrons exist in distinct orbital clouds
    2. s, p, and d orbitals
    3. Orbitals combine to form energy levels: K, L, M, N, etc
  4. Protons and neutrons are the same mass and make up the nucleus
2. Identification
  1. Atomic number: number of protons
  2. Atomic mass number: number of protons + neutrons
  3. Atoms are organized into groups in the periodic table
3. Isotopes
  1. Two atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers
  2. Differ only in the number of neutrons
  3. Some are radioactive (radioisotopes)
B. Compounds
1. Def: a combination of two or more elements which are joined chemically
2. Chemical bonding
  1. Ionic: when an atom will either give or take an electron from another atom
    1. Cation: positive ion
    2. Anion: negative ion
    3. Electrostatic forces hold the atoms together
  2. Covalent: when atoms share electrons
    1. Forms single or multiple bonds
    2. Sharing of electrons hold the atoms together
  3. Hydrogen bonds: weak links between the hydrogen (+) end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
C. Acids and Bases
1. Acid: a substance which releases a H+ ion
2. Base: a substance which releases an OH- ion
3. pH scale
  1. A method of determining how acidic or basic a solution is
  2. Negative logarithmic scale: 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic) (alkaline)
  3. pH 7.0 is neutral (water)
4. Buffers: a substance which limits the change of pH
D. Basic chemical reactions
1. Synthesis: two or more atoms or molecules are combined
2. Decomposition: molecules are broken down into simpler forms
3. Reduction
  1. The addition of electrons to a molecule
  2. Often accompanied by a gain of a hydrogen nucleus (proton)
4. Oxidation
  1. The removal of electrons from a molecule
  2. Often accompanied by a loss of a proton
  3. Oxidized atoms are more reactive than reduced atoms

II. Basic Biochemistry Concepts
A. Building Materials of Life

Inorganic compounds
Organic compounds
1. All contain some form of carbon
2. Biosynthesis: the manufacture of things by a living organism
Carbohydrates
1. Structure
  1. Contain only C, H, and O
  2. Ratio of O:H is 1:2 (same as water H₂O)
2. Reactions involving carbohydrates
  1. Dehydration synthesis: joining two molecules by removing water
  2. Hydrolysis: splitting two molecules by adding water
3. Types
  1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
    1. 5-carbon: ribose
    2. 6-carbon: C₆H₁₂O₆ (Glucose, Galactose, Fructose)
  2. Disaccharides
    1. Two monosaccharides joined together (dehydration synthesis)
    2. Sucrose (table sugar): Glucose + Fructose
    3. Maltose (malt sugar): Glucose + Glucose
    4. Lactose (milk sugar): Glucose + Galactose
  3. Polysaccharides
    1. Starch: straight chain of glucose (food storage in plants)
    2. Glycogen: branched chain of glucose (food storage in animals)
    3. Cellulose: Zig-zag chain of glucose (non-digestible roughage)
Lipids
1. Fats (triglycerides)
  1. 3 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol joined by dehydration synthesis
  2. Saturated: no double bonds between carbons
  3. Unsaturated: at least one double bond
2. Phospholipids
  1. 2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol + 1 phosphate
  2. Hydrophobic end (fat): water fearing (non-polar)
  3. Hydrophilic end (phosphate): water loving (polar)
  4. Used extensively in cell membranes
3. Sterols: multi-ringed compounds
  1. Cholesterol
    1. HDL: High density lipoprotein ("good" cholesterol)
    2. LDL: Low density lipoprotein ("bad" cholesterol)
  2. Hormones: i.e. prostaglandins, cortisone, etc
Proteins
1. Structure: composed of 20 basic amino acids
2. Protein synthesis
  1. Two amino acids are brought together and dehydration synthesis between the amino acids forms a peptide bond
  2. Protein = polypeptide chain
  3. The order of the amino acids is critical to the function of a protein
3. Enzymes: large proteins which catalyze reactions
  1. Structure
    1. Active site: attachment site for substrates
    2. Substrate: molecule which reacts with the enzyme and is changed
    3. Coenzyme: non-protein which helps to complete the active site (vitamins)
  2. Enzyme action
    1. Enzyme & substrate bind at the active site
    2. Reaction proceeds (lytic- splitting apart, synthetic - putting together)
    3. Enzyme and product(s) separate
Nucleic acids
1. Consist of long chains of repeating subunits (nucleotides)
2. Nucleotide structure
  1. 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
  2. Phosphate group (PO₄)
  3. Organic nitrogen-containing base
3. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
  1. Used to store biological information
  2. DNA base pairs
    1. Guanine - Cytosine (G - C)
    2. Adenine - Thymine (A - T)
  3. Double-stranded helix shape formed by hydrogen bonds
4. RNA: Ribonucleic acid
  1. Used as working blueprints for protein synthesis
  2. RNA base pairs
    1. Guanine - Cytosine (G - C)
    2. Adenine - Uracil (A - U)
  3. Single strand

III. Energy and its Changes
A. Kinetic energy: energy of motion
B. Potential energy: energy of position (stored energy)
C. Kinetic and potential energy are interconvertable
D. Energy in chemical reactions

Exothermic: reactions which release energy (heat)
Endothermic: reactions which require energy
Activation energy: energy needed to start a chemical reaction

By Abhishek Purohit on 03:32 0